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8T8R Antenna Beamforming Technology Introduction
Principles of 8T8R Beamforming Beamforming is a digital signal processing technology that can be implemented on adaptive 8T8R array antennas. Baseband weighting of multiple antennas transmitting signals is used to form high-gain, narrow beams. These beams target user devices, improving signal strength and reducing interference, as shown in the figure 1 below. 8T8R Antenna Introduction…
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ANTENNA ARRAY STRUCTURE FOR ONE AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL BEAMFORMING
The purpose of using an antenna array, as shown in Figure 7.1-A, is to enable high gain beams and the ability to steer those beams over a range of angles. The gain is achieved, in both UL and DL, by constructively combining signals from a number of antenna elements. The more antenna elements utilized, the…
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FTTH GPON Interview Questions
Q. What is FTTH? Ans. FTTH stands for Fiber to the Home Q. What is GPON? Ans. GPON stands for Gigabit Passive Optical Network. A passive optical network (PON) is a networkarchitecture that brings fiber cabling direct to the home using a point-to-multipoint scheme that enablesa single optical fiber to serve multiple premises & Customers.…
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4G -5G INTERWORKING ARCHITECTURE:
Through our work with several mobile providers, we learned that majority of 5G deployments will be brownfield with upgrade from existing 3G/4G network. For mobile providers deploying 5G as greenfield new network, it has to interwork with 4G for roaming with other providers in same country or international roaming. Figure 1 provides a high-level overview…
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IMS Core Functionality & Features
The IMS is designed to provide number of key capabilities required to enable new IPservices via mobile and fixed networks. The important key functionalities whichenable new mobile IP services are: Multimedia session negotiation and management Quality of service management Mobility management Service execution, control and interaction Now we discuss the important features of IMS like…
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IMS Charging and QoS
IMS Charging Accounting is the process of collecting information about resource consumption. While accounting data can be used for multiple purposes such as capacity and trend analysis or cost allocation, it particularly forms the basis for the charging and latter billing of a user. The IMS defines two charging modes: online and offline. Online charging…
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IMS Session Management
After the registration, the user is able to access the services and starts session establishment process. This process is briefly explained as follows and depicted in figure The Caller’s UE (UE-A) constructs an INVITE request that includes registered public user identity of called user (UE-B). All SIP messages must traverse the Proxy Call Session Control…
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Addressing and Registration in IMS
The addressing in IMS is called SIP URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) and looks like an email address. In order to use IMS services, the UE must perform IMS registration. First the UE must obtain an IP connectivity bearer and discover an IMS entry point i.e. P-CSCF. After the P-CSCF discovery, the UE sends a SIP…
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Network Slicing in 5G
A network slice is a logical network serving a defined business purpose or customer, consisting of all required network resources configured together. It is created, changed and removed by management functions. Hence network slicing divides an operator’s physical network into multiple logical networks. These logical networks would permit the implementation of tailor-made functionality and network…
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IMS Architecture and Key Protocols
The IMS defines service provision architecture, and it can be considered as the next generation service delivery platform framework. It consists of modular design with open interfaces and enables the flexibility for providing multimedia services over IP technology. The IMS does not standardize specific services but uses standard service enablers e.g. presence, and supports inherently…